Selective gene transcription in vivo occurs within 10 nm euchromatin microfibrils [1]. Areas of RNA synthesis on DNA templates occur as DNase I-sensitive sites within the euchromatin complex [2]. Biophysical studies of DNA thermal hyperchromicity indicate partial displacement of repressor histones from the active transcription site DNA [3], but retention of the displaced histones in a loose association with DNA within the euchromatin microfibril [4]. Small RNA species within the cell nucleus bind to the non-template strand of DNA, freeing the template strand of DNA for RNA synthesis [5].

Hovsepian JA, and Frenster JH, "Bioassays of Isolated Nuclear RNA Species as Activators of DNA Transcription".
 

8. Kuwabara T, Hsieh J, Nakashima K, Taira K, and Gage FH, "A Small Modulatory dsRNA Specifies the
Fate of Adult Neural Stem Cells".

7. Frenster JH, and Hovsepian JA, "Activator RNA Exchange during Interphase Chromatin Reprogramming".

6. Gottesfeld JM, and Barbas CF III, "RNA as a Transcriptional Activator".

5. Buskirk AR, Kehayova PD, Landrigan A, and Liu DR, "In Vivo Evolution of an RNA-Based Transcriptional Activator".

4. Persengiev SP, Zhu X, and Green MR, "Nonspecific, concentration-dependent stimulation and repression of mammalian gene expression by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)".

3. Lanz RB, Chua SS, Barron N, Söder BM, DeMayo F, and O'Malley BW, "Steroid Receptor RNA
Activator Stimulates Proliferation as Well as Apoptosis In Vivo".

2. Saha S, Ansari AZ, Jarell KA, and Ptashne M, "RNA Sequences that Work as Transcriptional Activating
Regions".

1. Lanz RB, Razani B, Goldberg AD, and O'Malley BW, "Distinct RNA Motifs are Important for
Coactivation of Steroid Hormone Receptors by Steroid Receptor RNA Activator (SRA)".
 
 

Additional References:

1. Frenster JH, Allfrey VG, and Mirsky  AE, "Metabolism and Morphology of Ribonucleoprotein Particles from the Cell Nucleus of Lymphocytes" Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 46, pp. 432-444 (April, 1960).

2. Frenster JH, Allfrey VG, and Mirsky AE, "In-Vitro Incorporation of Amino Acids into the Proteins of Isolated Nuclear Ribosomes", Biochim. Biophys. Acta 47: 130-47 (1961).

3. Frenster JH, Allfrey VG, and Mirsky, AE, "Repressed and Active Chromatin Isolated from Interphase Lymphocytes", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 1026-1032 (Dec. 1963):

4. Frenster JH, "Ultrastructural Continuity between Active and Repressed Chromatin", Nature, vol. 205, no. 4978, pp. 1341-1342 (March 27, 1965).

5. Frenster JH, "Nuclear Polyanions as De-Repressors of Synthesis of Ribonucleic Acid", Nature, vol. 206, no. 4985, pp. 680-683 (May 15, 1965).

6. Frenster JH, "A Model of Specific De-repression within Interphase Chromatin", Nature, vol. 206, no. 4990, pp. 1269-1270 (June 19, 1965 ).

7. Frenster JH, "Analysis of Queueing and Renewal within Human Systems", Nature Vol. 207, No. 5002, pp. 1139-1140 (September 11, 1965).

8. Frenster JH, "Localized Strand Separations within Deoxyribonucleic Acid during Selective Transcription", Nature, vol. 208: no. 5013, pp. 894-896 (November 27, 1965).

9. Frenster JH, "Correlation of the Binding to DNA Loops or to DNA Helices with the Effect on RNA Synthesis", Nature, vol. 208, no. 5015, p. 1093 (December 11, 1965).

10. Frenster JH, "Mechanisms of Repression and De-Repression within Interphase Chromatin", In-Vitro, vol. 1, pp. 78-101 (1965).

11. Herstein PR, and Frenster JH, "Mated Models of Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes".

12. Frenster JH, and Herstein PR, "Gene De-Repression".

13. Frenster JH, "Selective Gene De-Repression by De-Repressor RNA".

14. Frenster JH, "Single-Cell Analysis of DNase I-Sensitive Sites during Neoplastic and Normal Cell Differentiation within Human Bone Marrow".

15. Frenster JH, "Nuclear RNA Species Activate DNA Transcription Within Chromatin".

16. Frenster JH, "Activation of DNA Transcription within Repressed Chromatin", 14th John Innes Symp., 2001.

17. Frenster JH, "Yeast  RNA  Re-Programming  of  Already-Active  Mammalian Chromatin", RNA 2002, p. 592, (2002, Bethesda, MD: The RNA Society).

18. Hovsepian JA, and Frenster JH, "RNA-Induced Melting of DNA during Selective Gene Transcription", Molec. Biol. Cell, vol. 13, supp. p. 239a (November, 2002).

19. Frenster JH, and Hovsepian JH, "RNA Feedback Mechanisms during Eukaryotic Gene Regulation".

20. Frenster JH, and Hovsepian JA, "Overshoot in Late Telophase for RNA Re-Programming of Mitotic Chromatin".

21. Hovsepian JA, and Frenster JH, "Euchromatin as an Extensile Force within Mammalian Cell Nuclei", Molec. Biol. Cell, vol. 14, supp. p. 93a (November, 2003).

22. Frenster JH, and Hovsepian JA, , "Ultrastructure of Closed Loops within Euchromatin of Isolated Lymphocyte Nuclei".

Further Topics in:  Euchromatin,  active DNA, and  RNA  ribo-regulators:

Links to Euchromatin Activator RNA Reviews:
Links to Euchromatin Activator RNA Research:
Links to Ultrastructural Probes of DNase I-Sensitive Sites:
Links to RNA as a Therapeutic Agent:
Links to Hodgkin Lymphoma Immuno-Pathology:
Links to Activated T-Lymphocyte Immunotherapy:
Links to Medical Systems Biology:
Links to RNA-Induced Epigenetics:
Links to Reprogramming and Neoplasia:

"Ultrastructural Probes of Active DNA Sites, and the RNA Activators of DNA".

For Further Information and Feedback:
E-mail: frenster@euchromatin.net